Oleh: Yusuf Wibisono, Direktur IDEAS (Indonesia Development and Islamic Studies)
Peresmian MRT Fase 1 Bundaran HI – Lebak Bulus pada 24/3/2019 menandai era baru transportasi massal di Jakarta. MRT (mass rapid transit) digadang-gadang akan menjadi solusi kemacetan akut Ibukota. Dengan kecepatan rata-rata berkendara di jam sibuk yang hanya dibawah 10 kilometer per jam, bahkan diprediksi akan mengalami kemacetan total (grid-lock), Jakarta sangat membutuhkan transportasi massal, sekaligus menjadi benchmark bagi kota-kota besar lain. Namun pemilihan MRT sebagai moda utama (backbone) transportasi Jakarta masa depan perlu mendapat kualifikasi yang memadai.
Ketidaklayakan MRT
Dengan jumlah kebutuhan perjalanan per hari di Jakarta yang mencapai lebih dari 21 juta, dan sekitar 29 juta perjalanan per hari jika memperhitungkan pula komuter dari wilayah sekitar (Bodetabek), keberadaan transportasi massal menjadi sangat mendesak bagi Jakarta yang kini menanggung kerugian akibat kemacetan hingga Rp 65 triliun per tahun.
Transportasi massal kota tidak hanya MRT (subway/metro), namun juga light rail transit (LRT), commuter rail systems, dan bus rapid transit (BRT). Mengapa MRT dan LRT yang menjadi pilihan utama? Meski kapasitas angkut mencapai kisaran 200 ribu orang per hari, namun MRT Fase 1 diperkirakan hanya akan mengangkut 65 ribu penumpang per hari. Dan masalah MRT yang paling signifikan adalah biaya-nya yang sangat mahal. Biaya pembangunan MRT menembus Rp 1 triliun per Km, sangat jauh diatas BRT yang hanya di kisaran Rp 10 miliar per Km.
Dengan biaya pembangunan dan operasional yang sangat mahal, dibutuhkan tingkat permintaan perjalanan yang sangat tinggi agar MRT dapat layak secara finansial. Estimasi tingkat permintaan jangka pendek dan menengah di jalur MRT, tidak cukup tinggi untuk menjustifikasi pembangunan MRT. MRT tidak akan mampu cost-recovery sehingga dapat dipastikan akan membutuhkan subsidi pemerintah secara permanen untuk beroperasi dengan tarif yang terjangkau. Ditambah beban pengembalian utang, karena proyek ini sepenuhnya dibiayai utang luar negeri, maka beban MRT terhadap anggaran publik adalah signifikan.
Tanpa subsidi, tarif MRT dengan nilai keekonomian mencapai Rp 31.659 per penumpang per perjalanan. Agar permintaan penumpang cukup tinggi, maka Pemprov DKI Jakarta menetapkankan subsidi rata-rata Rp 21.659 sehingga harga tiket adalah Rp 10.000 per penumpang per perjalanan. Dengan asumsi kapasitas angkut 65 ribu penumpang per hari, maka subsidi tiket MRT mencapai Rp 672 miliar per tahun.
Bila diperhitungkan pula beban keseluruhan pembangunan MRT yang direncanakan mencapai 165 Km di 3 koridor (Lebak Bulus-Kampung Bandan, Balaraja-Cikarang, Cikokol-Bekasi), MRT akan menjadi ancaman serius bagi keberlanjutan anggaran dan pelayanan publik di masa depan. Namun bila dibiarkan tanpa subsidi, MRT akan menjadi sangat mahal dan hanya dapat diakses segelintir kalangan atas, karenanya dipastikan tidak akan mampu menjawab masalah kemacetan yang dijanjikan diawal pembangunannya.
Lebih jauh, dalam 5 tahun terakhir, Pemprov DKI Jakarta telah melakukan penyertaan modal daerah (PMD) yang sangat signifikan kepada 2 BUMD yang mendapat penugasan membangun MRT dan LRT. PT Jakarta Propertindo mendapat guyuran PMD dari hanya Rp 100 miliar pada 2011 menjadi Rp 4,7 triliun pada 2017 untuk membangun LRT. Sedangkan untuk pembangunan MRT, bahkan pemprov DKI Jakarta mendirikan PT MRT Jakarta dan menginjeksi PMD dari hanya Rp 37 miliar pada 2011 menjadi Rp 3,4 triliun pada 2017.
Masalah serupa dihadapi LRT yang investasinya menembus Rp 500 miliar per Km, jauh diatas investasi KRL Jabodetabek reguler yang hanya di kisaran Rp 150 miliar per Km. LRT membutuhkan subsidi tiket yang masif agar dapat terjangkau oleh sebagian besar masyarakat. Tanpa subsidi, tarif keekonomian LRT adalah Rp 41.654 per penumpang per perjalanan, dan ditetapkan subsidi rata-rata Rp 35.654 sehingga tarif LRT hanya Rp 6.000 per penumpang per perjalanan. Dengan asumsi kapasitas angkut per hari 14.255 orang maka total subsidi tiket LRT mencapai Rp 327 miliar per tahun.
Dengan demikian, total subsidi tiket MRT dan LRT mencapai sekitar Rp 1 triliun per tahun, hanya untuk sekitar 80 ribu penumpang per hari! Bandingkan dengan subsidi tiket KRL yang hanya di kisaran Rp 2 triliun per tahun untuk sekitar 1 juta penumpang per hari!
Ketidaklayakan finansial MRT ini telah lama diidentifikasi. Pola pembangunan metro baik di negara maju maupun berkembang menunjukkan bahwa MRT memiliki biaya yang jauh di atas penerimaan karena tidak tercapainya proyeksi jumlah penumpang. Atas pertimbangan ini, berbagai kota metropolitan di dunia, seperti di Brasil dan China, telah lama beralih dan berfokus pada BRT. Kota Xiamen, China, bahkan mengalihkan infrastruktur LRT menjadi BRT pada 2008 sehingga menjadi kota dengan BRT jalan layang pertama di dunia.
Fokus pada Busway dan KRL
Prioritas dan fokus kebijakan transportasi Jakarta adalah mengurai kemacetan secepatnya, untuk menekan kerugian sekaligus meningkatkan daya saing perekonomian. Daya angkut busway mampu setara dengan kapasitas MRT. Busway juga mampu menghasilkan kecepatan dan kenyamanan perjalanan yang tidak kalah bila dibandingkan LRT ataupun MRT. Karena itu, keputusan Jakarta mengadopsi busway pada 2004 adalah tepat. Dengan panjang jalur eksisting 13 koridor 230,9 Km, Jakarta kini tercatat sebagai kota dengan jaringan BRT terpanjang di dunia dengan kapasitas angkut diperkirakan mencapai 450 ribu orang per hari.
Namun komitmen membangun BRT terlihat menurun dari waktu ke waktu. Dibawah Sutiyoso, dibangun 7 koridor sepanjang 107,6 Km, dibawah Fauzi Bowo 4 koridor sepanjang 90,3 Km, dan dibawah Jokowi-Ahok hanya 2 koridor sepanjang 33 Km. Alih-alih berfokus menyempurnakan infrastruktur BRT, pemerintah pusat justru mendorong pembangunan 6 ruas tol dalam kota sepanjang 69,8 Km serta MRT dan LRT di Jakarta sebagai Proyek Strategis Nasional (PSN). Andai dana investasi 6 ruas tol dalam kota senilai Rp 41,2 triliun dialihkan untuk investasi busway, seperti jalur layang koridor 14 dan 15, jalur reguler koridor Bodetabek, bus, halte, SPBBG, depo bus, underpass/flyover, hingga park & ride dan jalur sepeda, maka Jakarta akan segera memiliki sistem BRT yang terpanjang di dunia sekaligus paling modern, komprehensif dan handal sebagai angkutan massal.
KRL Jabodetabek sepanjang 160,7 Km selama ini terbukti efektif sebagai kereta komuter (commuter rail) dengan menghubungkan Jakarta (jalur timur dan barat) dan daerah sub-urban sekitarnya (jalur Bogor, Bekasi, Tangerang dan Tanjung Priok). Dengan revitalisasi yang memadai, kapasitas KRL telah meningkat dari kisaran 400 ribu penumpang per hari pada 2010 menjadi mendekati 1 juta penumpang per hari saat ini. Dengan kebijakan afirmatif yang progresif, kapasitas KRL Jabodetabek berpotensi ditingkatkan menjadi 2 juta penumpang per hari, efektif mengurai kemacetan Jakarta.
Revitalisasi KRL yang diikuti integrasi 15 jalur Busway dan circular line rel KRL akan efektif menekan arus masuk 1,5 juta kendaraan pribadi ke Jakarta dari wilayah sekitar. Dengan integrasi busway dan KRL, akan tercipta jalur penghubung dari wilayah urban dan sub-urban ke pusat kota dan pusat bisnis. Ketersediaan lahan seharusnya tidak menjadi hambatan karena banyak lahan PT KAI yang masih dapat dioptimalkan. Dua jalur melingkar jalan tol (Jakarta intra urban and outer ring roads) yang menghubungkan Jakarta dengan daerah sub-urban dan jaringan tol antar kota, sangat memungkinkan untuk digunakan secara bersama-sama dengan jalur KRL, bukan justru untuk LRT. Ditambah dengan percepatan pembangunan KRL bandara dan jalur kereta double double track arah Jakarta-Cikarang untuk angkutan barang, revitalisasi KRL Jabodetabek akan efektif mengurai kemacetan di seluruh kawasan.
Berfokus pada busway dan KRL akan secara efektif dan signifikan akan mengurai kemacetan Jakarta, dengan biaya yang jauh lebih murah, dalam waktu yang relatif pendek, dan dalam cara yang merata dan berkeadilan.
*sumber foto: beritatagar.id
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